Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja di Negara ASEAN: Peran Harapan Hidup, Malnutrisi, dan Pengeluaran Kesehatan

Abstract

This study examines how health factors influence labor productivity in six developing ASEAN countries from 2013 to 2023. Labor productivity is measured by GDP per worker (constant 2021 PPP dollars), with life expectancy, malnutrition prevalence, and public health expenditure as the main variables, supported by FDI inflows and average years of schooling. A panel data approach is employed to capture both cross-country heterogeneity and time dynamics, allowing for more robust and comprehensive estimation across ASEAN countries. The results show that life expectancy has a positive and significant effect on GDP per worker, while malnutrition and health expenditure exhibit a significant negative relationship. FDI also negatively affects productivity, whereas schooling contributes positively but remains statistically insignificant. Overall, the findings highlight that improving population health and nutritional quality plays a central role in enhancing labor productivity and sustaining economic growth in developing ASEAN economies.